Internet Technologies

Question: Discuss about the Internet Technologies. Answer: Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4 Internet Protocol which is commonly abbreviated as IP is a set of rules that apply on the data and packets that are exchanged over the network that is Internet. The most recent version of IP is the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) which is an upgrade on its predecessor which was Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4). Ipv6 offers a number of advantages over IPv4 which are as listed below. The number of possible addresses under IPv6 is huge in comparison to the ones that were offered under IPv4. It was required to manually configure addresses under IPv4; however, IPv6 offers the capability of automatic configurations. Such a capability makes the management of addresses easier. There are a number of security threats and attacks that are observed in the current times with the growth of Internet. IP Security (IPSEC) comes built-in under IPv6 which was not present under IPv4. IPv6 allows direct addressing as it is composed of a wider address space in comparison to IPv4. The efficiency of the router in terms of packet processing is superior in IPv6 in comparison with IPv6 (Reddy, 2012). IPv4 to IPv6 Transition Strategies Dual Stack Routers Dual Stack Router is a migration strategy for the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 as it is a router that has the capability to communicate with both the IP versions without any change or modification required in the respective versions. Dual Stack Routing For Example, the diagram above shows two different networking clouds present under IPv4 and IPv6 respectively. They are both connected to the dual stack router in between which is further connected to the server. The router allows the traffic from both the clouds to pass through and get transmitted without any necessity to change the versions of the same (Gilligan, 2015). Tunneling There are manual and automatic tunneling mechanisms available which allow the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 in order to allow the migration of the addresses from the former to the latter. In case of manual tunneling, it is necessary to have the dual stack routers present. The technique of encapsulation is used in this process wherein the packets that are configured as per IPv6 are tunneled in the data packets that are configured as per IPv4 addressing scheme. There is also automatic or dynamic tunneling available which allows the automatic migration of IPv4 to IPv6 with the aid of IPv4 backbone. In this case, every single locality is applied with an IPv6 prefix which eliminates the need of retrieving addressing information associated with IPv6 from the address registries (Narayanan, 2012). IPv4 to IPv6 Migration Tunneling For instance, the diagram above shows the migration of IPv4 to IPv6 in which the data stack routers are placed on the network and the packets pass through the tunnel. NAT Protocol Translation This is another technique or method which is used for the transition of IPv4 to IPv6. Network Address Protocol (NAT) is a protocol which is used in this technique with the aid of a NAT enabled device. This is the device that does the actual migration from the lower version to a higher version during the communication process (Cisco, 2011). NAT Protocol Transition For example, in the case above, the host places a request on an IPv6 server that is not aware of the addressing scheme followed as per the receiving packet. This is where the NAT enabled device comes in to the picture and aids in the communication process. When the request is sent from the host, this device forwards the same to the IPv6 server after the removal of IPv4 header from the same and adds the header of a higher version in its place. The packets are then forwarded to the server. In case of the response, the same technique is applied (Sellers, 2009). File Transfer Protocol (FTP) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is one of the most significant protocols that is used in the world of Internet and Computer Systems. Working of FTP FTP is a protocol which is used for the transfer of files from client to server which is known as uploading and vice versa which is termed as downloading of files. There are two modes in which the FTP connection works. The first mode is the active mode in which the connection is made by the server and the client connects to the port automatically. It is the reverse in case of the passive mode. The ports that are used by FTP are port 20 for connection and port 21 for data. Port number 21 is utilized by the client in order to initiate a control TCP connection which requires valid set of credentials for the authenticity check. There are commands that are sent for the transferring of files from the side of the client. Once these commands are received, server initiates the TCP data connection over the port 20. The file is then transmitted over this data connection and the control session remains open during the transfer process (Harjunen, 2008). Working of FTP Difference between FTP and SCP FTP SCP FTP is a File Transfer Protocol which is used for transferring of files and can also perform directory listings on its own SCP is a Secure Copy Protocol which has been created for secure transfer of files and cannot perform operations associated with directory listings Support associated with resuming the file transfers is provided in case of FTP Support associated with resuming the file transfers is not provided in case of SCH Speed of file transfers is lesser as compared to SCP Speed of file transfers is higher as compared to FTP The ports that are used by FTP are 20 and 21 The port used by SCP is port 22 The security features associated by FTP are limited which are expanded with Secure FTP that is SFTP SCP is more secure as compared to FTP Security Considerations in FTP There are a number of security considerations that are required to be taken in case of FTP with increase in the number of security risks and attacks such as Bounce Attacks, Denial of Service Attacks, Data Breaches and many others. There are some of the specific file extensions that are commonly used by the attackers to transfer to the server that contain a malicious code such as .exe, .bat, .scr and many others which shall be restricted. Use of firewalls is a basic mechanism that shall be considered to maintain the server security (Gupta, 2017). Multi-step authentication is another consideration which shall be incorporated to make sure that the attacker does not gain access to the process. There are advanced security considerations such as use of encryption techniques to prevent the security attacks (Allman, 2011). References Allman, M. (2011). RFC 2577 - FTP Security Considerations. Tools.ietf.org. Retrieved 16 January 2017, from https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2577 Cisco,. (2011). Introduction to Network Address Translation. Retrieved 16 January 2017, from https://www.cisco.com/networkers/nw00/pres/2211.pdf Gilligan, R. (2015). RFC 4213 - Basic Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers. Tools.ietf.org. Retrieved 16 January 2017, from https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4213 Gupta, U. (2017). Survey on security issues in file management in cloud computing environment. Retrieved 16 January 2017, from https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1505/1505.00729.pdf Harjunen, T. (2008). Classic TCP/IP applications: TELNET, FTP, SMTP, NNTP and SNMP. Retrieved 16 January 2017, from https://www.netlab.tkk.fi/opetus/s38130/s98/tcpapp/TCP_appl.pdf Narayanan, A. (2012). IPv6 Tunneling Over IPV4. Retrieved 16 January 2017, from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6bc7/0f52b82cb4dcbb1503f48f196101cc48b5d6.pdf Reddy, P. (2012). Importance and Benefits of IPV6 over IPV4: A Study. Retrieved 16 January 2017, from https://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-1212/ijsrp-p1288.pdf Sellers, C. (2009). IPv6 Transition Mechanisms and Strategies. Retrieved 16 January 2017, from https://www.rmv6tf.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Chuck-Sellers-090421-IPv6-Transition-Mechanisms-Sellers1.pdf

Quiet Odyssey by Mary Paik Lee. free essay sample

America, sometimes even causing some of the initial Korean presence in the States. Lees story reveals some of the obscure aspects of Korean history that otherwise may be more difficult to excavate. It also depicts the racial discrimination severely rampant during this time, and how Asian Americans worked to better their position in American society despite this obstacle. Asian Americans in Mary Pack Lees Quiet Odyssey brutally experienced the effects of poverty, degradation, colonialism, and racial discrimination, as reflected In Lees accounts of personal experience and AslantAmerican Cultures 101 of the university of Washington. Asian Americans, including Lee and her family, were constantly harassed by poverty and degradation, which eventually led to health deterioration. Even when Asians came equipped with some level of educationsuch as Lees father, who had studied to be a ministerthey usually had to resort to farming and produce stands, the kinds of degrading jobs reserved specifically for Asian in America, which also included small groceries, tobacco shops, chop sues Joints, dry-cleaning and pressing shops, and laundries. We will write a custom essay sample on Quiet Odyssey by Mary Paik Lee. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These Jobs required long and difficult work days only amounting to minimal Income, which made Lees familys mall goal to earn enough money to buy food to feed all of [her family] (p. 46). Every member of the family needed to contribute to this goalto her parents embarrassment, even Lees one-dollar-a-week wages were needed to feed the family (p. Bib and her brother Menus dreams of going to high school are shattered by his obligation to support the family. Soda and ice cream are considered luxury items (p. 8), and Lees first experience with a toothbrush and toothpaste only comes after marriage. Health conditions due to malnutrition were common because of the lack of food with the exception of all things Unfit for human consumption (p. 16). She meets the end of [her] hopes for a high school diploma (p. 58) when she is told to stay out of school for two years as a result of severe malnutrition. She was not the only one to experience these kinds of poor health conditions.Many Asian Americans took on physically demanding Jobs that worked them much over their physical tolerance level because they had to feed their families, having no other choice in a society so Anti-Asian. However, Korean Americans had less of a choice than other Asian Americans due to domineering powers back home. Lee and other Korean Americans lives are further emotionally complicated by the effects of Japanese colonialism back in their homeland. The Pack familys initial 1 OFF Japanese soldiers. This meant the beginning of their tough life in America. Over the years, stories of ruthless persecution in Korea traveled by word of mouth and letters from escapees in China. Lee and her family experience great emotional pain when they hear about the March First Movement in 1919, or, the Manses Uprising, through which their relatives are accused of influencing their pupils to rebel and are persecuted. The Pack family back in Korea constantly writes to Lees father for financial assistance, which was needed as a result of economic hardship caused by Japanese oppression.Many Korean American families did their best to send financial aid to Korea, to assist their families in need and to help liberate their homeland. This meant extra financial burdens for Koreans in America, added on top of the already- present financial responsibilities. As for the emotional discontent they faced, they loud do nothing else but to carry on (p. 61). The mental discomfort Lee and her family lives with caused by their knowledge of the status quo is uncomfortable, but at the same time, portrays the events that otherwise would not be as widely known.Because Japan tried not to let the rest of the world grasp too much knowledge about Korean persecution by heavily censoring letters and torturing Koreans to the point of near death but not complete death to ease the callous picture, autobiographies such as Quiet Odyssey are good sources of what really went on. The obscure accounts of he persecuted are incorporated into Lees story, recounting the gruesome tragedy in Korea with no embellishments. However, as Korean Americans were battling colonialism overseas, they and other Asian Americans were battling a bigger opposition in America.The largest conflict Asian Americans suffered from in nineteenth and twentieth- century America was between racial discrimination and the desire for acceptance, which is also the most frequently encountered aspect in Lees story. Asian Americans were excluded solely because of prejudice; because of their physical appearance, not heir actions. They were forced to be cautious of even the most innocent activity, such as using the restrooms, solely because of the color of their skin.

Trials And Tribulations Of Ariel Dorfman Essays - Ariel Dorfman

Trials And Tribulations Of Ariel Dorfman Trials and Tribulations of Ariel Dorfman In the late 1950s Chile was fighting a political war. Ariel Dorfman wrote many stories and essays dealing with the political oppression. Ariel Dorfman was exiled from Chile because of his writings, and struggled with his writing in Paris. With ambitions to return to his country he became one of the most significant Hispanic writers in the 20th century. Chile was going through a time of change. After the death of President Salvador Allende, Augusto Pinochet took over. Ariel worked for Allende and wrote many not so nice things about Pinochet. In 1973 Pinochet didnt fire Dorfman, instead he just exiled Ariel from the country. After being exiled Dorfman went to Paris he came down with a case of writers block, which left him poor for a while. He eventually recovered and wrote many famous plays and poems. In one of his poems He describes Latin America as an enigma a vibrant, sprawling, messy reality which did not itself know where it was or where it was goinga series of half-formed nations trapped in a history not of its own, trying to invent an alternative. (Former Exiled Writer Dorfman 21) Born on May 6, 1942 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Dorfmans family was well aware of the horrors of war and the pain of exile, his Jewish grandparents fled the pogroms of Eastern Europe. At the age of two his family moved to New York City and he attended grade school there. When he was seven he began writing childrens fiction. He also expressed himself through painting. At the age of twelve he and his family moved to Chile where he completed his education, married, and in 1967 became a naturalized Chilean citizen. He attended graduate school in Berkley California in 1968 and 1969 and then he returned to Chile. As an adult Dorfman worked as an activist, journalist and writer. Dorfman actively protested against political oppression in Chile. When Chiles democratically elected Allende and his Marxist government were overthrown in a coup by Augusto Pinochet in 1973 he found himself in opposition to those in power. Following Allendes death, thousands of politicians, intellectuals, clergymen and writers, of which Dorfman was one, were expelled from Chile. Many famous and significant writings came from Dorfman. His writings include Windows, his Memoir Heading South Looking North: A Bilingual Journey, Death and the Maiden, along with many short stories and poems. His widely acclaimed novel Windows portrays a peasant woman whose male relatives including her husband, father and sons were abducted by the military. The novel shows the realistic, emotional strain and grief that disappearances put on the families of the missing. Knowing that this highly sensitive subject would probably prevent the book from being published in Chile, he devised a scheme to have Windows printed first in Europe under the pseudonym Eric Lohmann. He planned to have the novel published in Danish, French or German and then issued as a Spanish translation of a European novel. However, at the last minute the Spanish-language published backed out and the novel was ultimately released under Dorfmans real name. After writing this novel, Dorfman wrote many poems focused on the same subject. Dorfman said, all of my poems are ways of giving voices to those who have disappeared, and those who are left behind; I am a bridge between them. Words become a way of returning to your countrya cemetery, but also a resurrection ground. (Contemporary Authors On Line Dorfman 1). Dorfmans Memoir called Heading South Looking North: A Bilingual Journey outlines his escape and account of his years in Argentina as a cultural advisor and writer for Allendes government. Dorfman said, The book is very much an attempt to show what you do control and what you dont control in your life. (C.A.O.L Dorfman 1) In 1992 Dorfman wrote the play Death and the Maiden. This story was based on three main characters; Paulina is the wife of a lawyer asked to serve on a commission investigating the crimes under the previous government including her own brutal rape by a doctor. Through her husband, she meets the man she believes raped her. She kidnaps him and decides to place him

A Biography Sample Essay - The Components of a Bio Sample Essay

A Biography Sample Essay - The Components of a Bio Sample EssayAny good teacher wants to show their students how to write a good story. This can be done by using a Bio Sample Essay. Many students do not have any idea what a Bio Sample Essay is, but for those who do, it will help to understand the different components of a Bio Sample Essay. This will make it easier for them to understand what exactly they are writing.The first component is a Bio Sample Essay, and this is where you begin. You will need to create a story about a particular person or people. However, this will take a longer time to do than simply writing about something you know. This is because you are basically starting from scratch. It may also seem strange to you that it takes that long to tell a story about somebody, but this is actually an effective way to learn to write a story, which many people want to do, but may not know how to do it.The second component of a Bio Sample Essay is the 'biography sample'. This wi ll be one paragraph of a story. However, this will contain the basic information about the person or persons. This will include their name, age, occupation, social security number, marital status, date of birth, and even possibly their criminal background.The third component of a Bio Sample Essay is the summary of the story. This is where you describe the story and give details about the details. You must include details such as a plot summary, and even important character development.The fourth component of a Bio Sample Essay is the conclusion. Here you give an additional summary and give a concluding advice to your reader.The fifth component of a Bio Sample Essay is the introduction. This will explain why you wrote this bio essay, the purpose behind it, and the good news to the reader.It is important to learn how to write a Bio Sample Essay. This will help you with the basics of how to write a bio essay, which can also help when you go to college and you have to write a few essays .

The Sociology of Gender

The Sociology of Gender The sociology of gender is one of the largest subfields within sociology  and features theory and research that critically interrogates the social construction of gender, how gender interacts with other social forces in society, and how gender relates to social structure overall. Sociologists within this subfield study a wide range of topics with a variety of research methods, including things like identity, social interaction, power and oppression, and the interaction of gender with other things like race, class, culture, religion, and sexuality, among others. The Difference Between Sex and Gender To understand the sociology of gender one must first understand how sociologists define gender and sex. Though male/female and man/woman are often conflated in the English language, they actually refer to two very different things: sex and gender. The former, sex, is understood by sociologists to be a biological categorization based on reproductive organs. Most people fall into the categories of male and female, however, some people are born with sex organs that do not clearly fit either category, and they are known as intersex. Either way, sex is a biological classification based on body parts. Gender, on the other hand, is a  social  classification based on ones identity, presentation of self, behavior, and interaction with others. Sociologists view gender as learned behavior and a culturally produced identity, and as such, it is a social category. The Social Construction of Gender That gender is a social construct becomes especially apparent when one compares how men and women behave across different cultures, and how in some cultures and societies, other genders exist too. In Western industrialized nations like the U.S., people tend to think of masculinity and femininity in dichotomous terms, viewing men and women as distinctly different and opposites. Other cultures, however, challenge this assumption and have less distinct views of masculinity and femininity. For example, historically there was a category of people in the Navajo culture called berdaches, who were anatomically normal men but who were defined as a third gender considered to fall between male and female. Berdaches married other ordinary men (not Berdaches), although neither was considered homosexual, as they would be in today’s Western culture. What this suggests is that we learn gender through the process of socialization. For many people, this process begins before they are even born, with parents selecting gendered names on the basis of the sex of a fetus, and by decorating the incoming babys room and selecting its toys and clothes in color-coded and gendered ways that reflect cultural expectations and stereotypes. Then, from infancy on, we are socialized by family, educators, religious leaders, peer groups, and the wider community, who teach us what is expected from us in terms of appearance and behavior based on whether they code us as a boy or a girl. Media and popular culture play important roles in teaching us gender too. One result of gender socialization is the formation of gender identity, which is one’s definition of oneself as a man or woman. Gender identity shapes how we think about others and ourselves and also influences our behaviors. For example, gender differences exist in the likelihood of drug and alcohol abuse, violent behavior, depression, and aggressive driving. Gender identity also has an especially strong effect on how we dress and present ourselves, and what we want our bodies to look like, as measured by normative standards. Major Sociological Theories of Gender Each major sociological framework has its own views and theories regarding gender and how it relates to other aspects of society. During the mid-twentieth century, functionalist theorists argued that men filled instrumental roles in society while women filled  expressive roles, which worked to the benefit of society. They viewed a gendered division of labor as important and necessary for the smooth functioning of a modern society. Further, this perspective suggests that our socialization into prescribed roles drives gender inequality by encouraging men and women to make different choices about family and work. For example, these theorists see wage inequalities as the result of choices women make, assuming they choose family roles that compete with their work roles, which renders them less valuable employees from the managerial standpoint. However, most sociologists now view this functionalist approach as outdated and sexist, and there is now plenty of scientific evidence to suggest that the wage gap is influenced by deeply ingrained gender biases rather than by choices men and women make about family-work balance. A popular and contemporary approach within the sociology of gender is influenced by symbolic interactionist  theory, which focuses on the micro-level everyday interactions that produce and challenge gender as we know it. Sociologists West and Zimmerman popularized this approach with their 1987 article on doing gender, which illustrated how gender is something that is produced through interaction between people, and as such is an interactional accomplishment. This approach highlights the instability and fluidity of gender and recognizes that since it is produced by people through interaction, it is fundamentally changeable. Within the sociology of gender, those inspired by conflict theory focus on how gender and assumptions and biases about gender differences lead to the empowerment of men, oppression of women, and the structural inequality of women relative to men. These sociologists see gendered power dynamics as built into the social structure, and thus manifested throughout all aspects of a patriarchal society. For example, from this viewpoint, wage inequalities that exist between men and women result from men’s historic power to devalue women’s work and benefit as a group from the services that women’s labor provides. Feminist theorists,  building on aspects of the three areas of theory described above, focus on the structural forces, values, world views, norms, and everyday behaviors that create inequality and injustice on the basis of gender. Importantly, they also focus on how these social forces can be changed to create a just and equal society in which no one is penalized for their gender. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

The effects of globalisation on an organisation Dissertation

The effects of globalisation on an organisation - Dissertation Example 3 1.3 Project Objectives 6 1.4Research Questions 6 Information Gathering and Accounting/Business Techniques 7 2.0. Information Sources 7 2.1.2 Annual Reports, Summary Financial Statements and Corporate Governance Report 8 2.1.3 Textbooks 8 2.1.4 Internet and Media Sources 9 2.2 Research Methodology 9 2.3 SWOT and PESTLE Analysis 14 2.3.1 Limitations 14 2.4 Ethical Issues 15 Results, Analysis, Conclusions and Recommendations 16 3.0 Results 16 3.1 SWOT Analysis 21 3.2 PESTLE Analysis 25 3.3 Financial Ratio Analysis 27 Conclusion/Recommendations 29 Figure 1 30 List of References 40 Research and Analysis Report The Effects of Globalization on Cadbury Schweppes Plc. Part 1 Project Objectives and Overall Research Approach In terms of business practices, globalization refers to the escalation of the â€Å"internationalization of the production, distribution and marketing of goods and services† (Ali 2000, p. 5). More particularly, globalization is the persistent linking of state econo mies (Ali 2000, p. 5). From the perspective of the business organization, globalization means intense competition which can impact the structure of the organization and the way that it produces and markets its goods and services(Czinkota et al 2009). ... From the consumer’s perspective, globalization means an opportunity to choose from a large assortment of goods and services. This also means that in addition to variety, consumers will benefit from a reduction in prices and an improvement in quality. Cadbury Schweppes Plc provides a case study for the effects of globalization on an organization and the responses that an organization is forced to make. The effect of globalization on an organization as a topic for this research and analysis report is justified because globalization changes the way that businesses operate, strategize and market their products and services. All businesses are either passively or actively impacted by globalization (Johnson and Turner 2010). This means that all businesses are forced to reconsider their focus on domestic markets and focus more on foreign markets. The extent of this focus varies from one organization to another. Size, growth, ambitions, brands, opportunities and a number of variables will dictate the degree an organization shifts it focus to penetration of foreign markets. The relevant factors are demonstrated via a case study of Cadbury. The growth directions of Cadbury’s since its inception 200 years ago justifies an evaluation of the impact of globalization on the organization. As we have already discovered, Cadbury’s started out as a coffee shop of sorts and today it is an entirely different company. It went from serving ready to make drinks to manufacturing chocolates. This research intends to discover the extent to which globalization impacted the expansion of products and how those products have been marketed globally. This research will therefore look at Cadbury’s progression on global markets over

Compare and contrast absorption costing Assignment

Compare and contrast absorption costing - Assignment Example Absorption costing and Marginal costing are two such costing methods. They differ to quite an extent, however whether one method is better than the other depends largely on the situations in which they are applied and the underlying objectives of the businesses in which they are applied. Before looking at these two concepts in detail, it is appropriate to discuss the components that make up the ultimate cost of a good or service. The cost of something can be broadly broken up into fixed costs and variable costs.   Fixed costs are those costs that are incurred irrespective of the level of production. So for example, in a garment factory business, fixed costs would include the rent on the factory. This rent would largely be the same, irrespective of the volume of garments produced in that factory. On the other hand, the variable costs would include the costs of the materials used (‘direct material’), the daily wages of the staff producing the garments (‘direct labour’) and even perhaps the electricity charges on the machines used (‘direct variable overheads’). These costs increase directly with the volume of production. More garments being produced would mean more fabric being used, more people being employed or the same people being employed for longer and machines using more electricity by being worked for longer or at higher capacities. This method is also called the full costing method. As the terminology implies, under this method, the full cost of the good or service is used in arriving at the cost per unit. ‘Full costs’ mean that both the variable costs and the fixed costs are included in the calculation of cost per unit. That is, this method does not differentiate between them-all the manufacturing costs are included. In the garment factory example mentioned above, this would mean that in addition to