Principles Ofpersonal Developement in Adult Social Care

UNIT 302PRINCIPLES OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADULT SOCIAL CARE SETTINGS 1. 1 Reflective practices are when you review your own actions and experiences in your role, critically and constructively, with the intention of improving the way you conduct yourself The aim being to provide a better service in the future and personal improvement. 1. 2 Reflective practice is important in as much that it enables me to review real life situations I have been in, how I dealt with them, how I felt and the outcome of how I acted towards others all these will enable me to improve personally and improve the service I provide. . 3 Standards that are set, whether by Government or regulatory bodies are the level we should hope to achieve or improve on when conducting reflective practices. 1. 4 Your own values, beliefs and experiences can either work for or against you, it is important in a professional environment to have a balanced and neutral view on all situations. If you can’t take yourself a way from the situation you could for example get yourself in trouble by just not understanding a cultural difference.On a positive side your own personal experience may help to resolve a developing problem. 2. 1 Some people may react badly and see it as a criticism and become resentful, others will see if for what it is and take it on board improving themselves and therefore provide a better level of care. 2. 2 Feedback is a good way to find out how you are performing in your role, it will also indicate where you may need to improve. It can also raise self-esteem and improve staff moral as well as improve the service to the client. . 3 It is important to use feedback positively to improve yourself in your chosen role as the advice given is normally good and helps you see things that you do well and what you may need to do to improve in order to provide a better service to your clients and may well help you to understand better what is expected of you. 3. 1 A personal development pla n will give you an overview of your objectives, what position you are in now, what your strengths are and what areas need to improve to achieve your goals.It should also list who can help you locally, what qualification you may need and how to obtain them (what organisation can help), an action plan with a time scale. 3. 2 Sources of support could be your Matron, senior nurses, colleagues, job centres other support services, the first 3 would probably be on a more regular basis. 3. 3 Others can help you to review the position you are in now and what you may need to do to improve yourself in order to improve your position this could e your matron who can do appraisals, a senior nurse who may do an assessment or it could be an informal view from a colleague who may be able to constructively observe areas of you development. You could also do self- reviewing and assessments. 3. 4 A PDP helps you to map progress to your aims, and keeps track of your progress, it also helps you to reflec t on your achievements with a critical eye and can aid growth in confidence and development.

Precise Software

1. In assessing the value of Precise SQL for the user firm one has to consider increase in DBA productivity. Assuming 52 weeks in a year, how many hours does a DBA save in a year because of Precise? 3 Points DBA Hours Saved per year52 * 9. 4488. 8 DBA Hourly Wage (assuming 40 hours to a week) 3 Points Unburdened DBA salary$60,000 Hours worked Per Year52 * 402080 Burdened DBA salary1. 33*$60,000$79,800 DBA Hourly Wage (unburdened)$60,000/2080$28. 84 DBA Hourly Wage (burdened)$79,800/2080$38. 36 Annual Saving for the customer firm Hours saved per DBA per week9. 4 Hours saved per DBA per year52 * 9. 4489Savings per DBA per year (unburdened)489*$28. 84$14,102 Savings per DBA per year (burdened)489*$38. 36$18,758 Average number of DBA's10 Annual savings for firm per year (unburdened)10*$14,102$141,020 Annual savings for firm per year (burdened)10*$18,758$187,580 2. Precise SQL also helps with respect to deferral of hardware replacement decision. Answer the following questions on hardware deferral What is the probability of postponing hardware purchase for a year? Hint (a year has 12 months or four 3-month periods). 3 Points Probability of postponed purchase (A) for 3 monthsP(A) = . 6 Probability of making purchase (B)P(A) = 1-P(A). Probability of not making a hardware purchase for 1 yearP(A)4. 1296 Hardware Cost Saving if postponed by a year 30% 1 Point What is the average annual hardware budget affected by Precise? $1,430,000 1 Point Based on the above three pieces of information, what is the dollar savings due to deferral of hardware purchase? Average annual hardware budget affected by Precise$1,430,000 Hardware Cost Saving if postponed by a year30% Probability of postponing by 3 months60% Savings for three months($1,430,000*. 3*. 6)/4$64,350 Dollar savings due to deferral of hardware purchase for one year($1,430,000*. )$429,000 5 Points 3. Precise SQL also enhances end-user productivity; please answer the following questions on end-user productivity (total 15 poi nts). Number of transactions per day: 194,000 Total time in seconds spent in these transactions in one day prior to precise? 2 Points Average daily transactions processed by all users combined194,000 Average end user response time per transaction15 Total time in seconds15*194,0002,910,000 Total time in seconds spent per user per day: 2 Points Total time in seconds to accomplish 194,000 transactions2,910,000 Number of simultaneous users215Number of transactions per user194,000/215902 Total time in seconds spent per user per day:902*1513530 Total time spent per user in hours over one day? 2 Points Total time in seconds spent per user per day:902*1513530 Total time spent per user in hours over one day13530/60*603. 76 Assuming an 8 hour day – % time spent 2 Points Total time spent per user in hours over one day13530/60*603. 76 % of time spent3. 76/8. 47 (47% of user time) Improvement in end-user response time per transaction: 25% Based on the above two pieces of information, % of time saving: Total time spent per user in hours over one day13530/60*603. 6 % of time spent3. 76/8. 47 (47% of user time) Improvement in end-user response time per transaction25% % of time saving:. 25*. 4711. 75% Using information on time saving from above, the salary information, and information on burden rate , what is the $ saving per user per year? Average end user salary$30,000 Burdened rate, average end user salary$30,000*1. 33$39,900 $ savings per user per year11. 75%*$39,900$4,688 Using the above number, what is the saving for the firm (in dollars)? $ savings per user per year11. 75%*$39,900$4,688 Number of users215 Total user savings for the firm215*$4688$1,007,920 . Cost of selling a Single Unit of SQL (for 1999) : Revenues (Software License): $9,770,000 Assuming $20,000 price per unit, number of units sold: 2 Points $9,770,000/$20,000 = 489 (approx) Assuming Sales and Marketing expenses capture all sales related expenses, cost of a single sale: $7,913,000/489 = $16,183 3 Points ? 5. Total Value of Precise SQL The value of Precise SQL to an end-user firm has three components that you have calculated thus far. Taking these three components together what is the value of Precise SQL for a customer firm with one copy of the SQL? 3 PointsAnnual savings for firm per year (burdened)10*$18,758$187,580 Annual hardware deferral savings(1,430,000*. 3)$429,000 Total User Savings215*$4688$1,007,920 TOTAL$1,624,500 With a customer investment of $20K, what is the return on investment? Cost per license$20,000 Cost per firm (assuming 10 DBA's per firm and each DBA requires a license)($20,000*10)$200,000 Discount (assume 25% discount as per page 8 of case)($200,000*. 75)$150,000 ROI (12 MONTHS)($1,624,500-$150,000)/$150,000983% With your ROI calculation is Precise able to capture (appropriate) the value it creates for its customer? Why or why not?Given the scenario that led to an ROI calculation of close to 1000%, the product is priced too low. Precise needs to focus on communicating the value generated by usage of their software to potential customers in an effort to support increasing the price of their product to more accurately reflect its overall value to the end user.? 6. In terms of sales force for Insight, Precise has two choices, what are these choices and what are the two main advantagesdisadvantages of using each option. Precise currently has a single sales team trained to sell all of the company's products (other than Presto) through a dual channel distribution system.Each rep is paid a base salary of $75,000 plus a commission depending on how many licenses they sold. The average rep made sales of up to $800,000 annually and thus earned $120,000. The highest paid rep about $300,000. Options: a)Keep the same sales force Advantages – Able to continue to cultivate existing business relationships with IT managers and DBA's. Since the sales cycle of software, especially of higher priced suites, could take up to 12 months, these re lationships could prove beneficial for a new product launch.Their overall knowledge of Precise products and services is also an advantage, allowing the sales rep to leverage the full specter of Precise product offerings to a potential client. Disadvantages – The current sales team is perhaps not the best. Their annual sales and salaries are below average for commercial software sales forces. It may not be the wisest decision to leave the sales of your newest product in the hands of an underperforming team. Additionally, the current sales force is already heavily tasked, as Alon stated â€Å"They're running in ten directions at once. Adding to what appears to be an already overloaded sales team would not be the optimum way to introduce a new value and feature laden product to the market. b)Create a more specialized sales force Advantages – Precise would be able to recruit top sales people and begin product introduction with a high performing, laser focused team. This t eam would not have existing relationships with current Precise customers which could be an advantage in dealing with the echelon of Company executives required to authorize a software purchase of this magnitude.Disadvantages – Loss of the personal relationships with current customer DBA's may crimp product sales. Additionally, augmenting the existing sales force adds to the overall operating expenses of Precise and would add to their current string of operating losses. ? 7. One option to introduce Precise Insight at the Oracle OpenWorld 2000. Such an introduction could result in first mover advantage. What are the factors that likely influence the possibility of first mover advantage in this case. How would these factors impact first mover advantage in this case? 0 Points Precise conducted a survey of its customers and quickly found that â€Å"end-to-end response time† was the preferred indicator of overall system capacity and health. High dollar investments in enterpr ise applications like ERP, CRM or supply chain management left those who championed for their introduction into a Company eager to demonstrate the effectiveness of their respective choices. An end-to-end software application would help these internal champions by assuring optimizations throughout the user base.As companies continued to expand their global presence, many locations were separated geographically, at times by thousands of miles. Insight offered a solution to make high data intensive applications run more smoothly and efficiently. The need for senior executives to ensure these high dollar investments authorized by they themselves were successful was itself an undiscovered and underserved market. Meeting the needs of some top decision makers, more importantly, those with the ability to authorize large Company investments would add to the first mover advantage. Precise Software 1. In assessing the value of Precise SQL for the user firm one has to consider increase in DBA productivity. Assuming 52 weeks in a year, how many hours does a DBA save in a year because of Precise? 3 Points DBA Hours Saved per year52 * 9. 4488. 8 DBA Hourly Wage (assuming 40 hours to a week) 3 Points Unburdened DBA salary$60,000 Hours worked Per Year52 * 402080 Burdened DBA salary1. 33*$60,000$79,800 DBA Hourly Wage (unburdened)$60,000/2080$28. 84 DBA Hourly Wage (burdened)$79,800/2080$38. 36 Annual Saving for the customer firm Hours saved per DBA per week9. 4 Hours saved per DBA per year52 * 9. 4489Savings per DBA per year (unburdened)489*$28. 84$14,102 Savings per DBA per year (burdened)489*$38. 36$18,758 Average number of DBA's10 Annual savings for firm per year (unburdened)10*$14,102$141,020 Annual savings for firm per year (burdened)10*$18,758$187,580 2. Precise SQL also helps with respect to deferral of hardware replacement decision. Answer the following questions on hardware deferral What is the probability of postponing hardware purchase for a year? Hint (a year has 12 months or four 3-month periods). 3 Points Probability of postponed purchase (A) for 3 monthsP(A) = . 6 Probability of making purchase (B)P(A) = 1-P(A). Probability of not making a hardware purchase for 1 yearP(A)4. 1296 Hardware Cost Saving if postponed by a year 30% 1 Point What is the average annual hardware budget affected by Precise? $1,430,000 1 Point Based on the above three pieces of information, what is the dollar savings due to deferral of hardware purchase? Average annual hardware budget affected by Precise$1,430,000 Hardware Cost Saving if postponed by a year30% Probability of postponing by 3 months60% Savings for three months($1,430,000*. 3*. 6)/4$64,350 Dollar savings due to deferral of hardware purchase for one year($1,430,000*. )$429,000 5 Points 3. Precise SQL also enhances end-user productivity; please answer the following questions on end-user productivity (total 15 poi nts). Number of transactions per day: 194,000 Total time in seconds spent in these transactions in one day prior to precise? 2 Points Average daily transactions processed by all users combined194,000 Average end user response time per transaction15 Total time in seconds15*194,0002,910,000 Total time in seconds spent per user per day: 2 Points Total time in seconds to accomplish 194,000 transactions2,910,000 Number of simultaneous users215Number of transactions per user194,000/215902 Total time in seconds spent per user per day:902*1513530 Total time spent per user in hours over one day? 2 Points Total time in seconds spent per user per day:902*1513530 Total time spent per user in hours over one day13530/60*603. 76 Assuming an 8 hour day – % time spent 2 Points Total time spent per user in hours over one day13530/60*603. 76 % of time spent3. 76/8. 47 (47% of user time) Improvement in end-user response time per transaction: 25% Based on the above two pieces of information, % of time saving: Total time spent per user in hours over one day13530/60*603. 6 % of time spent3. 76/8. 47 (47% of user time) Improvement in end-user response time per transaction25% % of time saving:. 25*. 4711. 75% Using information on time saving from above, the salary information, and information on burden rate , what is the $ saving per user per year? Average end user salary$30,000 Burdened rate, average end user salary$30,000*1. 33$39,900 $ savings per user per year11. 75%*$39,900$4,688 Using the above number, what is the saving for the firm (in dollars)? $ savings per user per year11. 75%*$39,900$4,688 Number of users215 Total user savings for the firm215*$4688$1,007,920 . Cost of selling a Single Unit of SQL (for 1999) : Revenues (Software License): $9,770,000 Assuming $20,000 price per unit, number of units sold: 2 Points $9,770,000/$20,000 = 489 (approx) Assuming Sales and Marketing expenses capture all sales related expenses, cost of a single sale: $7,913,000/489 = $16,183 3 Points ? 5. Total Value of Precise SQL The value of Precise SQL to an end-user firm has three components that you have calculated thus far. Taking these three components together what is the value of Precise SQL for a customer firm with one copy of the SQL? 3 PointsAnnual savings for firm per year (burdened)10*$18,758$187,580 Annual hardware deferral savings(1,430,000*. 3)$429,000 Total User Savings215*$4688$1,007,920 TOTAL$1,624,500 With a customer investment of $20K, what is the return on investment? Cost per license$20,000 Cost per firm (assuming 10 DBA's per firm and each DBA requires a license)($20,000*10)$200,000 Discount (assume 25% discount as per page 8 of case)($200,000*. 75)$150,000 ROI (12 MONTHS)($1,624,500-$150,000)/$150,000983% With your ROI calculation is Precise able to capture (appropriate) the value it creates for its customer? Why or why not?Given the scenario that led to an ROI calculation of close to 1000%, the product is priced too low. Precise needs to focus on communicating the value generated by usage of their software to potential customers in an effort to support increasing the price of their product to more accurately reflect its overall value to the end user.? 6. In terms of sales force for Insight, Precise has two choices, what are these choices and what are the two main advantagesdisadvantages of using each option. Precise currently has a single sales team trained to sell all of the company's products (other than Presto) through a dual channel distribution system.Each rep is paid a base salary of $75,000 plus a commission depending on how many licenses they sold. The average rep made sales of up to $800,000 annually and thus earned $120,000. The highest paid rep about $300,000. Options: a)Keep the same sales force Advantages – Able to continue to cultivate existing business relationships with IT managers and DBA's. Since the sales cycle of software, especially of higher priced suites, could take up to 12 months, these re lationships could prove beneficial for a new product launch.Their overall knowledge of Precise products and services is also an advantage, allowing the sales rep to leverage the full specter of Precise product offerings to a potential client. Disadvantages – The current sales team is perhaps not the best. Their annual sales and salaries are below average for commercial software sales forces. It may not be the wisest decision to leave the sales of your newest product in the hands of an underperforming team. Additionally, the current sales force is already heavily tasked, as Alon stated â€Å"They're running in ten directions at once. Adding to what appears to be an already overloaded sales team would not be the optimum way to introduce a new value and feature laden product to the market. b)Create a more specialized sales force Advantages – Precise would be able to recruit top sales people and begin product introduction with a high performing, laser focused team. This t eam would not have existing relationships with current Precise customers which could be an advantage in dealing with the echelon of Company executives required to authorize a software purchase of this magnitude.Disadvantages – Loss of the personal relationships with current customer DBA's may crimp product sales. Additionally, augmenting the existing sales force adds to the overall operating expenses of Precise and would add to their current string of operating losses. ? 7. One option to introduce Precise Insight at the Oracle OpenWorld 2000. Such an introduction could result in first mover advantage. What are the factors that likely influence the possibility of first mover advantage in this case. How would these factors impact first mover advantage in this case? 0 Points Precise conducted a survey of its customers and quickly found that â€Å"end-to-end response time† was the preferred indicator of overall system capacity and health. High dollar investments in enterpr ise applications like ERP, CRM or supply chain management left those who championed for their introduction into a Company eager to demonstrate the effectiveness of their respective choices. An end-to-end software application would help these internal champions by assuring optimizations throughout the user base.As companies continued to expand their global presence, many locations were separated geographically, at times by thousands of miles. Insight offered a solution to make high data intensive applications run more smoothly and efficiently. The need for senior executives to ensure these high dollar investments authorized by they themselves were successful was itself an undiscovered and underserved market. Meeting the needs of some top decision makers, more importantly, those with the ability to authorize large Company investments would add to the first mover advantage.

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Groups and their functions - Essay Example These mannerisms can be likened to an informal set of rules, as they are unwritten and used purely for socializing purposes. This implies that such mannerisms are unanimously agreed upon through a process of coordinating behavioral patterns of the individuals that make up a group. Over time, the groups they belong in because of the similar mannerisms shared judge members of a group. Individuals within a group will subconsciously behave according to the norms of the group they belong to, even when they are not interacting with the group members. This is because they have become accustomed to do so; however, this is determined by factors such as amount of time spent with the group and commitment to purpose of the group. In an organizational set up, work groups are established to fulfill tasks, create a chain of command and share responsibilities and duties. Out of these three primary purposes of forming a group, it is clear that the preceding purpose will result in a temporary group. An individual within such a group is not likely to ‘lose’ their identity, as interaction with the group is short-lived thus cannot have such an impact (Griffin and Moorhead, 2010). The other crucial factor that managers should consider to achieve maximum productivity from groups is size. The number of people comprising a group determines how all the individuals interact with each other. This therefore, means a new dynamic is created whenever a new member is brought into a group. The new dynamic arises from the fact that level of interaction differs, where two people will hold a conversation easily because of a shared topic of interest. However, when a third person comes in they have to choose between either of the two individuals and pick a topic that will relate to them. This is known as social advantage where a coalition is formed to create cohesion. From this perspective, one can argue that a small group is more likely to gel

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International Human Resource Management - Essay Example Through the current report, the researcher is going to evaluate critical similarities and differences between these domestic and international human resource policies and the different situations where each one influences the decision making process of the organisations. DefinitionsDomestic Human Resource PoliciesDomestic human resource policies of an organisation are limited to national borders. Basically, these are organisation with little or no international connection. There services are limited to local consumers and the employees are also locally recruited. Thus, cross-cultural interaction is rare and they are committed to management of local resources only (Black, 1999).International Human resource policies The international human resource management involves the same activities as the domestic human resource management has including human resource planning, staffing, recruitment, development and rewards etc, but critics argue that domestic human resource management usually en gage with employees within one national boundary.International human resource policies can be described as those regulations and guidelines which help in facilitating the business and relationship between cross national organisations. It also encompasses all legal activities which will keep a check on normal functioning of the international business (Takeda and Helms, 2010). Overall international human resource policies are aimed at maintaining and effectiveness of human resources in an international context. Apart from the basic polices of planning, recruitment and selection, performance management, staffing, labour relations and compensation and benefits. International HR policies also take care of various functions such as monitoring and management of international laws, selection and recruitment for international assignments, expatriate employee development and training and management of their compensation and career issues Similarities between Domestic and Multinational Human R esource policies and practices   The core human resource policies concerning domestic and international environment are almost similar. They include basic human resource planning, compensation and performance management, reward system, development and appraisal, recruitment and selection etc. The existence of these similarities is because of the fact that policies and guidelines inside the office are almost similar. The other reason is that these policies have a single origin. It is only with the advent of globalization and international business networks, that these policies have been stretched and modified according to requirements. Human resource planning Human resource policies imply on all those planning processes which link the various needs of human capital of a firm to its strategic aim. The objective of the human resource planning process is to make the human resource

Marketing Plan for Crystal Pepsi Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Plan for Crystal Pepsi - Term Paper Example PepsiCo was founded in 1965 following a merger between Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. Its motto is ‘Something for everyone’. The company operates in over 200 countries across the globe and generates sizeable net sales annually. Crystal Pepsi was first introduced in 1992 but was withdrawn by the end of 1993 due to very low sales. However, it is possible to re-launch the product through intensive marketing activities and flavor changes.The company’s first priority is to build and manage its brand through the yet to be established Brand Charter. Above all, the company needs to increase its marketing endeavors to be able to compete effectively with the giants in the industry. The company intends to generate over $1.78 billion in net sales before the end of 2015 from Crystal Pepsi by investing about $850 million in marketing endeavors within the next three years, ending 2015.The mother of PepsiCo was Pepsi Cola Company, which was founded in 1898 in North Carolina. In 1965, PepsiCo was formed following a merger between Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. PepsiCo motto is ‘Something for everyone’, a statement that perpetuates consumer inclusion. The company produces assorted beverages and snacks, which are sold in over 200 countries across the globe. PepsiCo generated net sales of $66.5 billion and $57.8 billion in 2011 and 2010 respectively. 1.2 Past Crystal Pepsi.The introduction of Crystal Pepsi in 1992 was informed by health concerns, especially increasing levels of obesity. As a result, PepsiCo promised its customers and consumers that it will use healthy ingredients to produce products and provide health benefits in its products. Since its inception on 12th April 1992, Crystal Pepsi had been perceived as a fad because it failed to deliver its value propositions to its consumers (Susan 53). In addition, its name was controversial, especially when connected with the brand Pepsi known to many for its coke products, which are considered to contain caffeine and caramel. In fact, it tasted like coke though colorless thus confusing the consumers. As a result, its sales momentum faded in 1993 and it was thus discontinued. 1.3 Strategic Opportunity Most people are becoming health conscious, therefore, there is need to provide products that meet their needs. According to PepsiCo Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Ms. Nooyi, PepsiC o need to be refocused to accommodate emerging needs of health conscious consumers. In response to this need, the company continues to invest to grow its nutritional business from $10 billion to $30 billion in annualized sales by end of 2030. Again, PepsiCo needs to advertise more. Unlike, Coca- Cola Company whose products are featured regularly in most advertising, PepsiCo brands appear less in commercials. As a result, Coca cola and diet coke are brands that rank first and second before any Pepsi product because it spends more on advertising. If PepsiCo positions itself properly, it will gain from 14.5% growth expected to be experienced in the industry by the end of 2016 to reach annualized sales of $222.7 billion (Market-Line 22-26). 1.4 Objectives 1. To sell over 407.6 million litres of Crystal Pepsi and generate about $400 million from North America, Canada, China and Middle East regions by 31st December 2013 2. To sell over 611.4 million litres of

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Application to the B.S. N program in New Jersey University ( Nursing Essay

Application to the B.S. N program in New Jersey University ( Nursing Program) - Essay Example HIPAA, the European Privacy Directive, and other like legislation do not concern themselves with the success or failure of a company. If a company's data is simply destroyed, then the legislation does not apply. In some cases of BCP, this type of legislation may apply, as in the case of data being maliciously copied for illegal use, and then the original source being destroyed. In this line of reasoning, the legislation that already exists is sufficient. BCP has to do with the preparation of functional copies of data that the business can use to continue to function. This will help save the business money in the case of an interruption. The success of businesses should not be legislated. It should not be against the law for a business to fail. --Doug I guess I am thinking of the stock market, banks, telecommunications, and other private companies. If they don't have a BCP and their services become unavailable, there are potentially serious consequences for the Nation. Doesn't the US government have a responsbility to ensure that critical areas have a BCP so that the country can function in case of an emergency Not tell them HOW to do it, but that they must do it and have some requirements to ensure it is being done. You are right. For example, the SCADA systems that govern the distribution/transmission of electricity and gas, must absolutely remain operational.

Changing of International Order in the Last Century Essay

Changing of International Order in the Last Century - Essay Example This paper argues that changes in international order were in a way that people attained more rights and powers over their day to day life, and states improved their international relations. In the first section, the paper will address various concepts of international order. Subsequent sections will discuss factors contributed to the international order change over the last century. International order changes Historically, it is observed that global countries depend on each other for trading activities, technological and education progress, and infrastructure development. The emergence of globalisation greatly contributed to increased interaction between global countries. Scholars opine that the concept of international order creates a link between economic and political dimensions as political stability significantly influences a country’s economic landscape. Generally, concepts of international order give specific focus to states and consider war as a vital evil to be exor cised. Evidently, wars can make notable changes to the international order. â€Å"One widespread notion of international order equates order with international stability, that is, stable, predictable and controlled relations between states, in which turbulence, chaos and violence are largely (though not necessarily completely) absent† (Maull, 2005, p.94). ... To illustrate, the constructivism theory connected the evolution of international order to international relations. As discussed earlier, wars can have a great influence on the international order. Evidently, the World Wars I & II notably changed the international order. Although the World War I was considered the ‘War to End All Wars’, it directly led to World War II. These two World Wars significantly fuelled the international order changes over the last century. Many authors opine that the interwar period was characterised with radical changes in the international order and it observed notable changes in the balance of power approach that had existed in the pre-World War I Europe. According to Ikenberry (2008), the World Wars led to the advent of the American era which in turn contributed to the formation of post-World War II international order. Throughout the post-World War II international order, an American dominance has been evident. Significant changes in the in ternational order over the last century can be attributed to many structural changes in the global context and other global developments. Evidently, changes in the Soviet Union and Europe were a prime cause for international order changes occurred during the last century. The changes in East-West relations emerged over the last century could be directly ascribed to Soviet Union, specifically the presidency exercised by Gorbachev. Sociologists point out that domestic reforms including ‘perestroika and glasnost’ executed by Gorbachev and Soviet foreign policy ‘new thinking’ markedly contributed to the development of a new international order. It is an undisputed fact that

Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground Essay Example for Free

Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground Essay Fyodor Dostoevsky is one of the most influential authors in world literature. This Russian author had written several remarkable novels including Crime and Punishment, The Idiot and Brothers Karamazov. However, before the aforementioned novels were published, Dostoevsky had already gained critical acclaim and recognition for his work entitled Notes from Underground. This novel explores how the freedom of man is undermined by the atmosphere of rationality that dominated the 17th and 18th centuries. Through the novel’s protagonist, the Underground Man, Dostoevsky illustrates how real freedom is manifested in the defiance of reason. The period called the Enlightenment occurred throughout the 17th and 18th centuries (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). During this time, reason governed over every endeavor, and was valued above everything else. The period left no room for superstition or foolishness; rationality reigned supreme (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). Reason was the means in which man and society can develop for the better. European thought was dominated by materialism, liberalism and more importantly, utopianism (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). All of these movements were established on the belief that reasonable and natural-law theories could establish a perfect society (Emerson, 1992). Perfection was only attainable through the application of reason and the manifestation of â€Å"enlightened self-interest† (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). The prevalence of reason strongly influenced and inspired Dostoevsky to write Notes from Underground (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). However, the novel did not convey a message agreeable to the intellectual milieu; instead, it served to criticize its very existence. Notes from Underground is actually a response to another text, entitled What Is to be Done? (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ; Madden, n. d. ). It was written by N. G. Chernyshevsky and was published in 1863. Chernyshevsky was an advocate of â€Å"rational egoism,† a movement which fervently believed that perfection of life could be achieved through rationality and enlightenment (Madden, n. d. ). The â€Å"rational egoists† also upheld principles of natural law (Madden, n. d. ). Dostoevsky disagreed with the belief that rationality and enlightenment were the keys to perfection. He strongly believed that the nature of man was beyond those two elements. He acknowledged man’s capacity for both the rational and the foolish; he even upheld that the irrationality of man was more definite, while the rationality was merely added (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). Moreover, Dostoevsky was convinced that laws of nature or the principles of reason were not capable of recognizing human individuality, personality, and more importantly, free will (Madden, n. d. ). These beliefs are embedded in the novel, a text which Rozanov considers a critique of reason as a means to perfection (as cited in Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). The novel, in the words of Wasiolek, showed how man can be both rational and irrational, as his actions are the result of the exercise of his own freedom (as cited in Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). Hence, the theme of freedom in the novel is the utmost disregard for reason and natural laws. The protagonist of the novel is the Underground Man, a forty year old man who used to work in civil service (Dostoevsky, 1992). For a protagonist, he is considered an â€Å"anti-hero† (Madden, n. d. ). He is also the antithesis of the time in which he lived; he disagreed with utilitarianism, which prevailed during the 19th century. Utilitarianism was characterized by utilizing â€Å"mathematical formulas and logical proofs† to equate one’s wants with his best interests (Madden, n. d. ). The Underground Man disagrees with this; he attests that man wants to exercise his freedom and could do so regardless if it agrees with his best interests or not. If it is man’s desire to act irrational, he could. Of course, acting irrational is not in anyone’s best interest. However, by being irrational, he was truly able to exercise his freedom. Actions based on desires, instead of reason, enable man to be free. Freedom is thus associated with acting without reason. So in an era where reason dominated, the Underground Man was rather unreasonable. By being unreasonable, he was able to be truly free. In the novel, the Underground Man asserts that science deprives one of freedom. Dostoevsky (1992) writes, â€Å"Science has managed by now to anatomize man to such a degree that we already know that all your wishing, your so-called free will is nothing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 29). The Underground Man then begins his attack on utilitarianism: If someday they should really discover the formula for all our whims and wishes—I mean, what causes them, what laws they’re governed by, how they develop and where they lead in one case or another†¦in other words, an actual mathematical formula—why, then man will perhaps immediately stop wishing†¦Who wants to wish according to graphs (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 29)? â€Å"Whims and wishes† in this quotation refers to the desires of man. The principles of utilitarianism are marked by analysis of people’s desires. These desires undergo scrutiny, as to determine if these desires agree with what is best for the people. However, the act of wishing does not involve analysis or scrutiny. One can desire something for no apparent reason. One may wish for something that may prove harmful in the long run. The exercise of freedom is spontaneous and non-regulated. If one has to base his or her desires from the graphs or formulas of science and math, they would no longer fall under the exercise of freedom. If one is to desire based on the graphs or formulas, it would not be an act of freedom any more. This is because there is imposition involved; the desires are imposed upon by the requirements of science or math. In this situation, the desires of man are dictated by the principles of reason. Thus, freedom disappears upon the use of reason. In the words of the Underground Man, â€Å"For if desires are one day brought into complete accord with reason, then we shall reason instead of wishing† (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 30). The Underground Man continues his argument against utilitarianism by differentiating reason and desires. He states: You see, gentlemen, reason is unquestionably a fine thing, but reason is no more than reason, and it gives fulfillment only to a man’s reasoning capacity, while desires are a manifestation of the whole of life—I mean the whole of human life, both with its reason and with all its itches and scratches (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 31). In this quotation, the Underground Man affirms that while reason is important, it is not the most important thing. The desires of man, through which freedom can be exercised, have a much wider scope than reason. Therefore, the desires of man cannot be reduced to graphs and tables because it transcends them. The Underground Man uses the piano key as a symbol of how reason curbs man’s freedom: He will insist on clinging precisely to his own fantastic dreams, his most vulgar folly, solely in order to confirm himself that men are still men, and not piano keys, which may be played by the hands of natural laws themselves, but which are threatened by this very playing to be brought to a state where it will no longer be possible to wish a thing outside of graphs and schedules (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 34). Piano keys are pressed to make a sound in the process of playing the piano. These keys cannot produce sound on their own; they need to be touched and pressed. The analogy between the man and the piano key is what Dostoevsky used to illustrate his point. By measuring man’s desires with the graphs and formulas to determine whether or not it is in their best interests, man becomes a piano key. This is because man comes under the mercy of reason which plays him. To be manipulated by reason is to be bound by its laws; therefore, it is not freedom. The Underground Man believes that humankind values freedom over reason and best interests (Madden, n. d. ). Freedom means acting out of one’s desires or wishes whether or not the act spoken of is irrational or foolish. In the book, the Underground Man manifests his freedom through several examples. He had committed acts contrary to reason, making him a truly free individual. Hence, the Underground Man was successful in escaping the realm of reason he despises. The book starts with the Underground Man’s admission of a pain. He says, â€Å"I think that my liver hurts† (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 1). Anyone who experiences pain will surely resort to measures to eliminate that pain. This is because pain is suffering, and nobody wants to suffer. In the instance that pain is felt, it is only reasonable that one seeks medical assistance by visiting a doctor. On the contrary, the Underground Man says, â€Å"No, sir, I refuse to see a doctor out of spite† (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 1). This decision is obviously irrational, because he does not want to see a doctor to deal with the pain. In addition, he does not have a valid reason not to go to the doctor. One would presume that he simply takes pleasure in his own pain. A rational man would find this decision as preposterous, as no one ever enjoyed suffering from pain (Madden, n. d. ). However, what appears to be a manifestation of masochistic tendencies is actually the Underground Man’s exercise of freedom. Reason dictates that when one feels pain, that person should visit the doctor. As was earlier discussed, the Underground Man believes that reason limits freedom, because it only acknowledges the desires that would be in one’s best interests. The tolerance of pain and the derivation of pleasure from it is the Underground Man’s way of breaking free from reason. Surely, it is a foolish thing to do, but he does not want to conform to the dictates of reason. He values his freedom, so he refuses to act according to reason. He is a free man; he could do as he pleased. Even if it is contrary to his best interests in prolonging such agony, he still does it because he wished to do so. By tolerating pain and deriving pleasure from it, he successful avoids the system of reason. According to the Underground Man, â€Å"I know better than anyone else that I will only harm myself by this, and no one else. And yet, if I don’t seek a cure, it is out of spite. My liver hurts? Good, let it hurt still more† (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 2)! The Underground Man proceeds with his painful endeavor, this time with a toothache. The fourth chapter of the book opens with his laughter: â€Å"Ha-ha-ha! You will find pleasure in a toothache next! And why not? There is pleasure in a toothache ache too† (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 14). Just like with the liver ache, the Underground Man allows himself to feel the pain of his tooth instead of seeing a dentist. He welcomes the pain, and refuses to seek treatment. A critic of the novel, Mikhaylovsky declares that the Underground Man â€Å"tortures because he wants to, he likes torture. There is neither reason nor purpose here, and, in the opinion of Dostoevksy, they are not at all necessary, for absolute cruelty is interesting† (as cited in Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). Indeed, this is true. The Underground Man does not subject himself to pain for a reason. In fact, he does so to do away with reason. He refrains from seeking medical treatment because he wants to. By indulging in his desire, he exercises complete freedom. Aside from the aforementioned tolerance of pains, the Underground Man had exercised his freedom through irrationality in other ways. He states: I would feel a certain hidden, morbid, nasty little pleasure in the acute awareness that I had once again committed something vile that day, that what had been done could no longer be undone; and I would gnaw and gnaw at myself in silence†¦until the bitterness would finally begin to turn into a kind of shameful, damnable sweetness (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 7). In this excerpt, the Underground Man expresses how he had realized his evil ways by contemplating what he had done. However, instead of wallowing in guilt, the realization ends up being a source of pleasure. How did the Underground Man manifest his freedom through this? The purveyors of rationality would insist that those who know what is in their best interests would not resort to baseness or frivolity. The Underground Man was aware of vileness of his actions; in a way, he was aware it was not in his best interests. However, he did not feel a sense of guilt. The realization of his action that started with bitterness eventually became that of sweetness. He knew what he had done was bad, but this does not change the fact that he derived pleasure from it. His reaction to such vile deeds set him apart from what reason dictates as proper. Because he did not follow the dictates of reason, he had exercised his own freedom through defiance. Reason makes one feel burdened when one commits a nasty or vile action. It supposes that rational ways should be observed, and a nasty or vile action is never rational. He sights an example when one is forced to apologize for a nasty deed. The Underground Man says: Generally, I could never endure saying, â€Å"Forgive me, Papa, I won’t do it again†Ã¢â‚¬â€and not because I was incapable of saying it, but, on the contrary, perhaps precisely because I was all too capable of it. And how I did it (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 16)! In this passage, the Underground Man expressed disagreement with repentance. He believes that one should not apologize for doing something. He finds apologies as deceiving; the claim to never do an act considered vile again seems insincere. In our freedom, we are all capable of doing these acts. Regardless if they are rational or irrational, we all have the capacity to act according to our own free will. The claim â€Å"I won’t do it again† is quite fraudulent, as it is quite understood that anyone can do anything, according to their free will. Thus, it is possible for one to exercise freedom and desire something which is not in one’s best interest. According to the Underground Man: And what if his advantage on a given occasion not only may, but must, lie exactly in choosing for himself the harmful rather than the advantageous? And if this is so, if there can be such an occasion, then the entire rule is shattered to smithereens (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 22). The rule spoken of here is the belief that man would choose what is in his best interests. Again, the exercise of freedom lies in choosing or desiring something regardless of their nature. In the above quotation, the Underground Man affirms that there will be instances wherein man will choose what is harmful, instead of what is useful, to him. The moment such situation arises, the principle of reason will be disproved. The Underground Man does not believe in the principle that man will act according to what is in his best interests. Neither does he believe that man’s desires can be reduced to graphs of science nor formulas of mathematics. The concept of freedom for the Underground Man is that which is contrary to the dictates of reason. He does not acknowledge that man will commit acts that are in tune with his best interests. This would be a violation of his freedom, as the freedom presupposes one’s capacity for both the rational and the irrational. If one chooses to commit an irrational act, he is merely exercising his freedom. Did the Underground Man succeed in escaping the realm of reason he so despised? The answer is yes. His tolerance of pain and derivation of pleasure from suffering were direct defiance to reason. He had rendered himself completely liberated from the atmosphere of rationality. He did and thought as he pleased, whether or not it was in his best interests. Indeed, he had escaped, and is completely free. REFERENCES Dostoevsky, F. (1992). Notes from Underground (M. Ginsburg, Trans. ). New York: Bantam. (Original work published in 1864). Madden, C. (n. d. ). SparkNote on Notes from Underground. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http://www. sparknotes. com/lit/underground/ Marder, J. , Meyer, M. , Wyshak, F. (n. d. ). Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground Study Guide. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http://community. middlebury. edu/~beyer/courses/previous/ru351/novels/UGMan/ugman. html

Academic Achievements Essay Example for Free

Academic Achievements Essay THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND In every student’s life, academic excellence as well as co-curricular involvement is very essential. The two aspects would help them attain their goal of being part of the honor roll. Balancing these two is one of the problems honor students of today are facing. This process is intended to know how important co-curricular involvement is and what its effects to the students’ academic achievements are. Since 1985, Colegio San Agustin (CSA)- Bià ±an has been providing its students quality Catholic education that enriches their knowledge academically. Besides, CSA- Bià ±an has been offering several co- curricular programs like authorized student clubs or organizations wherein each student is required to join, inside and outside school competitions, sports activities and many more. Prospective honor students, as active as they want to be, participate and take part in both academic and co- curricular programs. CSA- Bià ±an Junior High School Department follows DepEd Order No. 92, s. 2009 for the selection of honor students. The policy states that the 7-3 point scheme (7 points for academic performance and 3 points for co- curricular activities) shall be used in determining the final honors among non- graduating and graduating students. In Academic Year 2013-2014, there were 30 students from grade seven to third year high school who grabbed a spot in the honor roll. Their final ranks were computed based on 70% academics and 30% co- curricular. They, most probably, are equally excellent in both aspects. Co-curricular refers to activities, programs, and learning experiences that complement, in some way, what students are learning in school. Co-curricular activities are usually a way to separate students from their academics. These activities have influence on students’ academic performance but on the other hand, it is questionable whether these activities effect positively or negatively (Millard, 1930). Different school administrations are interested to find out if there is association between academic performance and the involvement in co- curricular activities. (Stephens Schaben, 2002). This is where the focal point of the study takes place: the effects of co- curricular involvement on the academic achievements of the grade seven to third year over- all top ten students. In view of the fact that the researchers are potential honor students, they see the necessity to make an investigation  about this matter for they are sure that the outcome of this study would be beneficial not only to aspiring honor students like them but also to the administrators of the locale under analysis. Setting of the Study The study will be conducted at Colegio San Agustin-Bià ±an, which is situated at Southwoods Interchange, Juana Complex I, Bià ±an City, Laguna. It is a private school run by the Order of St. Augustine. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework This study was anchored on the following different evaluation and assessment concepts. According to the Pickle Jar theory, when you take an empty pickle jar and fill it with rocks, it appears to be full – until you fill it with gravel. The smaller granules fill the cracks between the rocks, and you can still fit in some sand, and then water. Another theory named the Distraction-Conflict theory (1978), refers to an analysis of performance gains in groups assuming that when others are present, attention is divided between the other things and the task; this attentional conflict increases motivation and so it facilitates performance on simple, well-learned tasks. These theories are relevant to the research because like the Pickle Jar Theory, the rocks represent the academic achievements while the smaller granules like pebbles and sand depict the co-curricular involvements. On the other hand, the Distraction-Conflict Theory attests that when both academics and co- curricular activities are present, a student’s attention may be divided and therefore cannot focus on his priority which is his academic performance. SS Figure 1 The Relationship between the Profile and the Effects of Co- Curricular Involvement to Academic Achievements as Perceived by Grade Seven to Fourth Year Over- all Top Ten Students of CSA- Bià ±an in AY 2013- 2014 After consolidating the ideas and thought of the theories and studying the  concepts presented, the researchers came up with Figure 1 to show that the profile; gender, final general average, over-all rank, and frequency of co-curricular involvements (independent variable) has something to do or may alter the perceived effects of co-curricular involvements on academic achievements (dependent variable) of grade seven to third year over- all top ten students of Academic Year 2013-2014. Statement of the Problem This study sought to determine the perceived effects of the co-curricular involvements to the academic achievements of grade seven to third year over-all top ten students of Colegio San Agustin- Bià ±an in academic year 2013-2014. Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions: 1. What is the profile of grade seven to third year over-all top ten students in terms of: a) Gender b) Final General Average c) Over-all Rank d) Frequency of Co-curricular Involvements 2. What are the perceived effects of co-curricular involvement to academic achievements? 3. Is there a significant relationship between the students profile and the perceived effects of co-curricular involvement on academic achievements? Statement of Hypothesis The researchers hypothesized that: There is no significant relationship between the students profiles and the perceived effects of co-curricular involvement to academic achievements of grade seven to third year over-all top ten students of Colegio San Agustin- Bià ±an. Statement of Assumptions The researchers assume that: 1. Co- curricular involvement has either positive or negative effects on the students’ academic achievements. 2. Over- all top ten students are concerned on the effects of co- curricular to academic achievements. 3. CSA- Bià ±an offered both co- curricular and academic programs in AY 2013- 2014. 4.  Colegio San Agustin- Bià ±an Junior High School Department gives importance to both academic and co- curricular excellence. 5. The effect of co- curricular involvement on academic achievements has certain advantages and disadvantages. Significance of the Study Since this study will be conducted to discover the relationship between the co-curricular involvements and the academic achievements of the grade seven to third year over-all top ten students of Colegio San Agustin-Bià ±an in the Academic Year 2013-2014, the researchers found the following grounds of the study very significant: 1. The information which will be gathered in this study may serve as a guide to the teachers in assessing their students’ strengths and weaknesses, both in the academic and co-curricular fields; thereby, will result to better teaching methods and efficient parent-teacher conferences; 2. The results of the study will provide the Guidance and Testing Center with the knowledge of how their students balance their academics and activeness in co-curricular participation which would lead to adequate seminars regarding this matter; and, 3. Finally, the findings of this study will provide the students with the information on how to manage co-curricular activeness and academics while achieving a high general average; 4. The findings of the study will address the parents inquiry regarding their childs academic standing in the classroom aiming to provide the information on the composition of their childs general average and the process of evaluating the child; 5. The study will serve as a guide for the administrators in providing better service to their by means of efficient teaching strategies and increasing the students participation in co-curricular activities through offering a wide selection of activities that correspond to various talents and interests of the students. Scope and Delimitation The study focuses on the perceived effects of co- curricular involvement to academic achievements of grade seven to third year over- all top ten students of Colegio San Agustin- Bià ±an in Academic Year 2013- 2014. The study’s focal point is the effects of co-curricular involvement to the academic achievements of students. The study was limited to the grade seven to third year over-all top ten students for they are the ones who are  concerned on how co- curricular affects their academic achievements. Also, they are more likely to experience problems concerning the subject matter. The study doesn’t include the fourth year high school students of AY 2013-2014 because it would be inconvenient for the researchers to communicate with them since they now study in several different universities. This study yearns to determine the effects of co- curricular involvement on the academic achievements of students. Definition of Terms The following terms were used within the context of the study. They are defined conceptually and operationally for easier comprehension. Academic Achievements. The students’ excellent performance which is measured by academic disciplines like examinations, quizzes, class participation, projects, assignments and etcetera. This is mirrored by the students’ final general average. Co Curricular Involvement. The students’ participation in activities, programs, and learning experiences that complement, in some way, what they are learning inside the classroom. They are usually a way to separate students from their academics. Over-all Top Ten. Ten students who, among all their batch mates, show the most remarkable excellence in both academic and co- curricular performance. Department of Education. Abbreviated as DepEd (Kagawaran ng Edukasyon) and is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for ensuring access to, promoting equity in, and improvin g the quality of basic education. Final General Average. Final assessment of the students grade which consists of both co-curricular and academic performances. Guidance and Testing Center. The sector of Colegio San Agustin- Bià ±an that is responsible in helping the students with their personal emotional and psychological problems. They are also ought to create programs that would maintain the students well- being emotionally and psychologically. Over- all Rank. Rank of the student over the whole number of their batch according to his academic and co-curricular performance.

Arguments for Regulating Financial Reporting

Arguments for Regulating Financial Reporting Acoording to Leuz and Verrecchia (2000) the accounting literature presents proof that the quality of accounting has economic consequences for e.g. costs of capital , efficiency of capital assignment (Bushman et al. 2006)etc. Land and Lang (2002) in their research mentioned that economic changes also have homogeneous consequences by stating that the quality of accounting has improved globally since 1990s. Land and Lang (2002) also say that the reason for the advancement in the quality of accounting is primarily due to globalisation and visualization of international accounting consensus. The argument proposed by the accounting theory is that the main aim of financial reporting is to reduce information asymmetry between managers and owners and other stakeholders contracting with the company (Watts, 1977; Ball, 2001). Favouring this notion Frankel and Li (2004) states that financial reporting decreases information asymmetry by disclosing relevant and timely information. Standard setting is a form of regulation which lays down generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) (Scott, 2003, p. 9). Also accounting standards for listed companies in the European Union are promulgated by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). This report answers this question that whether or not we need this kind of regulation of financial reporting. What is Financial Reporting? To answer the report question, firstly, there is a need to answer the questions like what is financial reporting, who are the users of financial reports and how is financial reporting regulated and what are the bodies responsible for regulating the financial reporting. By answering these questions a better understanding of financial reporting will be achieved and which will ultimately aid in answering the report questions. Financial reporting enables an organization to communicate information about its performance externally (Atrill et al. 2005). So, financial reports provide summarized information about an organizations transactions over a specific time period to external decision makers. (e.g. Investors). The users of financial reports are employees, trade unions, government, creditors, lenders, customers, shareholders and investment analyst (Elloit et al. 2006). The needs of these various users of financial reports can be completely different. However, the main emphasis is put on the most usable statements like balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement. The Accounting standard boards (ASB) which is responsible for setting and issuing accounting standards, the ASB is part of a broader structure including the Financial Reporting Council, the review panel and the Urgent Issues Task Force (UITF). The Financial reporting Council (FRC) is the body charged with the broad overview of the standard setting system. Although the FRC oversees the process of producing accounting standards, it has no input into the detailed rules. Conversely the principle sources of such regulation are The Law and the Accountancy Profession. The Law consists of certain Acts. Much of the legislation governing the UKs preparation of accounts is personified in the companies Act 1985 and companies Act 1989. They are mainly concerned with the accounts of limited liability companies. These Acts state that all financial statements constructed under the Act must present a true and fair view. The Act also deals mainly with minimum disclosure requirements and is foremost concerned with the protection of shareholders and creditors. It provides a framework for general disclosure by requiring that certain financial statements such as the profit and loss accounts and the balance sheet, should be prepared and presented to the shareholders and requires the specific disclosure of certain items such as depreciation and so on. These disclosure requirements resolve some of the problems associated with the asymmetry of information between the directors and some user groups. They also enable user groups to compare the level of their inducemen ts with those received by the other groups. The Act also requires that the directors not only present the financial statements to the shareholders each year but also that independent auditors are appointed to examine the financial statements and report their findings to the shareholders. The law addresses the problem of information asymmetry by requiring the disclosure of certain key items of interest to user groups. The Accountancy Profession also recommend the same but in this role as regulator. The accountancy profession is more influential in achieving a significant increase in the comparability of financial statements. Whereas the law provides the general framework for what is to be accounted for in the financial reports, the accountancy profession provides detailed rules in the form of accounting standards about how items and transactions should be accounted for. The two main regulatory bodies of financial reporting are The Law and the Accounting Profession with the Accounting Standards Board usually known as ASB (Elliot et al. 2008). In UK, most of the legislation related to the publishing of accounts is embodied in the Companies Act 1985 and 1989. The Companies Act 1989 is the main frame which the companies and accountants have to follow. All the financial statement drawn up under the act 1989 must present a true and fair view and its function is to protect all the users of the financial reports and statements. The second and the most important regulatory body is the accounting profession. The standard setters should be aware of the information needed by all users of financial reports and should know the impact and the outcome of a different accounting method on the needs of those users. The standard setters should also be able to resolve the conflicts which exist between the needs of different users. So, they have to find an alternative wa y which best satisfy user needs and this could be achieved by choosing the improvement of the social welfare instead of welfare of individuals. We know that Accounting Standards Board is the main accounting standard setter. Because the ASB is composed of professional accountants, they may be unfamiliar with the user needs. So , when there is a need for a change in accounting standard the ASB prepare and publish a draft standard called the FRED (Financial Reporting Exposure Draft). After the publishing of these drafts the comments from the public is invited and in the light of these comments the FRED is changed (or unchanged). Now the FREDs are issued as FRS (Financial Reporting Standard). The main disadvantage of this system is the ASB members are unfamiliar with the different user needs and the comments from the general public may not be equally represented. There are four things that standards in financial reporting supply people using it. The first one is Comparability; financial statements must allow people to compare one company with another one and evaluate the managements performance without spending time and money adjusting them to a common format and common accounting treatments. It is essential that users of financial reports or investment decision makers be supplied with relevant and standard financial reports which have been regulated and hence standardized. The second thing that standards and regulations supply is called Credibility. Because all this standards and regulations exist accountants have to treat every company in the same way. If the accountancy profession permitted companies experiencing similar events to produce financial reports that disclosed markedly different results simply because of a freedom to select different accounting policies they would lose all of their credibility. So, the standards should be compos ed of rigid rules and should not be broken. The third thing is Influence that means, setting up the standards has encouraged a constructive appraisal of the policies being proposed for individual reporting problems and has been a stimulus for the development of a conceptual framework. The last thing that the standards have to supply is discipline. Companies left to their own devises without the need to obey standards will eventually be disciplined by the financial markets. But in the short run investors in such companies may suffer loss. The Financial Reporting Council is aware of the need to impose discipline because most of the company failures in recent years are because of obscure financial reporting. Why should the Accounting Standards set? As we argued before, an important role of the regulations is to increase the comparability of accounts by limiting the choice of alternative accounting methods and to supply standardized accounts. This standardization can be achieved only by uniform accounting practice. If all accounti ng methods were standardized, two organizations which began the year with same balance sheets and which made the same transactions during the year, they would report the same balance sheets and the same profit and loss account at the end of the year. In addition to these advantages of regulations in financial reporting, there are also some more useful functions. Regulations can help to reduce the influence of personal biases and political pressures on accounting judgments. They can increase the level of user confidence in, and understanding of, financial reporting by clarifying the basis on which all accounts are prepared and presented. Finally, they can provide a frame of reference for resolving accounting problems which are not mentioned in legislation or accounting standards. As we argued earlier although the regulations in financial reports have very advantages it has many disadvantages too; One if these disadvantages is the Adverse Allocative Effects, this could occur if the AS B did not take into account of the economic consequences of the new standard or regulation they have issued. For example, additional costs could be imposed on preparers of accounts and suboptimal managerial decisions might be taken to avoid any reduction in earning or net assets. Consensus-seeking can be another disadvantage and this means the issuing of standards that are over-influenced by those with easiest access to the standard-setters. Most of the time this could happen with complex subjects. Standard Overload is composed of a number of statements which creates the most important disadvantages of standards. Some of them are; 1. There is more than one standard-setter body so, as well as it becomes more difficult to follow the new changes, the accountants are becoming so regulated that it becomes very difficult to use his/her accounting profession, to make judgments. 2. There are too many standards and regulations, so in the long run, they restrict the development of accounting profession by discouraging the accountants from experimenting new ways of recording transactions. 3. Some points are too detailed and some of them are not sufficiently detailed so, makes it hard to obey. 4. Standards are for general-purpose and sometimes they fail to respond to users and the firms needs. For example, a company which wants to attract investment finance can not make the necessary judgment of how much information is necessary and what form it need take so, it couldnt take the actions necessary to attract investors and may bankrupt. Some of the standards are lack of a conceptual framework this means they havent got a clear defensible logic and the rules tend to be rather arbitrary. This causes the standards to lose its credibility and acceptability.

The Use of magic in A Midsummers Night Dream :: William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Nights Dream

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The use and misuse of magic has an important role in A Midsummer Night’s Dream. As a reoccurring theme, Puck’s use of magic creates humor, conflict and balance in the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The magic of Puck changes the head of Bottom into that of a donkey. Puck’s own use magic adds more humor to the already comical and over-confident character of Bottom. Puck’s magic also creates a great deal of humor in the dealings of Bottom and Titania. The contrasted humor is clearly shown as Titania weaves flowers into the hair of Bottom’s donkey like head. Titania is a beautiful and delicate creature, while Bottom is completely grotesque. Magic creates an unreal image of Bottom, which in turn creates a comical contrast between Bottom and Titania. As part of the already comical sub-plot, Bottom’s altering through magic adds even more humor to the overall play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, the misuse of magic causes conflict among the four Athenian lovers. When Puck mistakenly applies the love potion to Lysander’s eyelids. At this point, both male characters of the main plot have fallen in love with Helena, leaving Hermia out of balance. The struggle of the four lovers is one of the more complicated conflicts in the play. The conflict could have been avoided if Puck did not misuse his magic. However, because Puck mistakenly used his magic on Lysander, conflict erupted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly, just as Puck’s magic caused turmoil and chaos among the lovers, it also aided in restoring balance. As the play ends, Puck no longer holds Lysander under his spell, however, Demetrius remains enchanted. It is important that Lysander is no longer enchanted. At this point, Lysander can return to Hermia. It is equally important that Demetrius remains under Puck’s magic because it is the only way that he will love Helena. The Use of magic in A Midsummers Night Dream :: William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The use and misuse of magic has an important role in A Midsummer Night’s Dream. As a reoccurring theme, Puck’s use of magic creates humor, conflict and balance in the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The magic of Puck changes the head of Bottom into that of a donkey. Puck’s own use magic adds more humor to the already comical and over-confident character of Bottom. Puck’s magic also creates a great deal of humor in the dealings of Bottom and Titania. The contrasted humor is clearly shown as Titania weaves flowers into the hair of Bottom’s donkey like head. Titania is a beautiful and delicate creature, while Bottom is completely grotesque. Magic creates an unreal image of Bottom, which in turn creates a comical contrast between Bottom and Titania. As part of the already comical sub-plot, Bottom’s altering through magic adds even more humor to the overall play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, the misuse of magic causes conflict among the four Athenian lovers. When Puck mistakenly applies the love potion to Lysander’s eyelids. At this point, both male characters of the main plot have fallen in love with Helena, leaving Hermia out of balance. The struggle of the four lovers is one of the more complicated conflicts in the play. The conflict could have been avoided if Puck did not misuse his magic. However, because Puck mistakenly used his magic on Lysander, conflict erupted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly, just as Puck’s magic caused turmoil and chaos among the lovers, it also aided in restoring balance. As the play ends, Puck no longer holds Lysander under his spell, however, Demetrius remains enchanted. It is important that Lysander is no longer enchanted. At this point, Lysander can return to Hermia. It is equally important that Demetrius remains under Puck’s magic because it is the only way that he will love Helena.

Bilingualism Essay -- Bilingual Education, Languages

Introduction This paper is primarily intended to present some major considerations about bilingualism and bilingual education from a sociolinguistic perspective. In first instance, I will deal with some of the definitions of these terms placing them along the continuum since the high complexity of the issues. Also, some features of individual and social bilingualism will be pointed out, and some of the most common effects on individual and on communities will be presented. Finally, a reflection upon a kind of ‘unnatural’ bilingualism is put forward. Definitions Basically, a bilingual person is said of that one who knows and uses two languages. More specifically, one who speaks, reads, or understands two languages equally well (Richards et al., 1992). The term bilingualism has been defined from different perspectives. As a matter of fact, disciplines like linguistics, psycholinguistics, and sociolinguistics propose, according to their particular domain, a definition for bilingualism. In general terms, the bilingualism is characterized by the alternation of two languages. The problem arises when we want to define the extent of language competence a person must have to be called bilingual. The most known definitions of bilingualism come from Bloomfield (1933) who states that bilingualism is the â€Å"native mastery of two languages†; similarly, Haugen (1969), argues that bilingualism is â€Å"the use of complete and meaningful sentences in other languages†; and for Weinreich (1953), bilingualism occurs when â€Å"two or more languages†¦ are used alternately by the same persons† (1970 [1953]). Clearly, those definitions (and others) may be situated along a continuum moving from a ‘radical’ position to a more flexible one. For example, Macnama... ... educational institution have the necessary elements of judgment and the required tools. For instance, if those tools are to measure linguistic competence, communicative competence and even pragmatic competence of the language involved. Finally, what really matters is that within our current world, where distance is dramatically reduced if not eliminated, the introduction of bilingual and multilingual communities have to be an asset for most societies. Nevertheless, the design and implementation of such communities must be a question of informed decisions. It is true that education is also dependent of political determination, but it is not less true that linguistic, cultural, and social factor must be carefully incorporated. This means that language teachers and the scholar ´s communities have a major role to play through serious and supported research projects.

Shakespeares Presentation of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Essay

Shakespeare's Presentation of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice This essay is an analysis of how the character of Shylock, in the play 'The Merchant of Venice', is presented to the audience, by Shakespeare, in different ways. The riveting play shows the best and worst aspects of human nature and contains one of Shakespeare's most reviled, complex and compelling characters. Love and romance end this play, yet before that come bigotry, racism, hatred, death threats and money-especially the money. The dramatic courtroom scene and Shylock's cruel downfall will challenge your heart and your sense of justice. Shylock is a successful Jewish moneylender, who is filled with bitter words for the Christians, much prejudiced over his own religion and the practice of moneylenders, such as himself, of charging interest. Shylocks of the past and present have been portrayed in different ways on screen and in the theatre. He has been played by Anthony Sher, John Woodvine, Ralph Richardson, Dustin Hoffman, John Gielgud and Barrie Rutter. Each of the actors has tried to show him in either his best or his worst possible light. In some interpretations of 'The Merchant of Venice', the technique that the directors use is to cut a lot of Shylock's original lines to make him seem less harsh and more undeserving of all the hatred that the people around him give him constantly. In most cases, the intensity of the performances, of the actors playing Shylock, go towards getting his character across to the audience. In the play, religion seems to be inextricably connected with business Shakespeare puts Shylock in a bad situation as soon as his char... ...ery valid observation in that speech. He was trying to point out that humans are all the same, no matter what they believe in, we are all born, living and are eventually going to die in very much the same ways, so why can't he have his revenge? The desire of revenge is almost inseparable from the sense of wrong and we can hardly help sympathising with the Shylock, hidden beneath his "Jewish gabardine," his madness by repeated, undeserved name calling and labouring to get rid of the obstructions, from opportunities and freedom, heaped upon him and all his tribe by one desperate act of 'lawful' revenge. The ferociousness of the means by which he is to carry out his purpose, turn us against him. Even so, when disappointed of the revenge on which he built his hopes and the way he is punished for his actions, we pity him.

The Best Vacation Destination

If one has the money and time, one should spend money and time to travel and expand his experiences and perspective on the world. One can find an assortment of wonderful historical sites and beautiful scenery such as beaches, mountains. If those attractions appeal to you, then Europe and the US would be perfect travel destinations. Even though both Europe and America are great vacation destinations, they can be differentiated from each other based on three important travel distinctions: cost, transportation and tourist attractions.The first major difference between Europe and America is the gap in cost. In other words, Europe’s market price is much more expensive than America. For instance, when you visit a restaurant to have a meal, the employee’s first question is â€Å"what kind of drink do you want? † If ordering water, a visitor may be surprised when getting the bill since a cup of water in Europe is not on the house. Therefore, a customer not only has to pa y for the meal, but also for the water.In addition, meals are more expensive in Europe than in America. For example, a McDonald’s cheeseburger in America is just one dollar but in Switzerland the price goes up to eight dollars. So, if one decides to travel in Europe, prepare to bring much more money than when traveling in America. The second difference is transportation. In America, it is very hard to get from place to place using public transportation because America’s public transportations are not located everywhere and they are much slower than using car.In contrast, in Europe, a person can get everywhere easily by using public transportations, even when traveling from country to country. For instance, if someone has a U-rail pass, they can use this pass at most international European rails and public transportation stalls for buses and subways because European countries share a common transportation authority; therefore, it is more convenient to travel in Europe. Lastly, the two destinations have very different types of tourist attractions.In America, tourist landmark are commonly very huge and made by natural forces such as the Grand Canyon, Niagara Falls and Yellow Stone National Park. Unlike America, most tourist attractions in Europe are made by humans. For example, Buckingham Palace in U. K and the Eiffel Tower in France are both man-made tourist attractions that symbolize must-see spots when going to England or France. So, if one travels in America, he will be amazed because of the natural beauty, but in Europe they are more likely to be astounded by what men have created.In conclusion, traveling in Europe and traveling in America are very different in three aspects: cost, transportation and tourist attractions. However, if one ever gets the opportunity, it is highly recommended that one visits both Europe and America because they are great destinations to spend vacation. Of course there are more differences and similarities between th e US and Europe except above three aspects, and I strongly recommend that one finds those out during their own travel!!!

Health Care Provider

A. S. Course wellness insurance $ Ethics in Public wellness April 8, 2013 wellness mete out as a even out or immunity Our lesson duty is to take dish out of several(prenominal)ly human been regardless the cost. There is zilch more valuable that we possess quite than our wellness as puff up there is nothing that should be more dearly-won and more protected then look itself.On the question whose responsibility is to protect our person-to-person wellness, the correct answer, closely the individual or golf club responsibility virtually credibly lies somewhere among those choices, furthermore by having wellnessy basis each of the society from nonpareil side and society from the another(prenominal) side as well should pass something to gain.Neither of individuals or society should transmit that the other should take on undivided responsibly, therefore individuals should take at least(prenominal) some responsibility, as well society go away serve as a safety ne t. (Williams, 2012). Over the clock clock time, pickings care for people who are ineffective to allow themselves a wellness care was based on charity, compassion, benevolence rather than some principle of ethics or justice.Within United States of the States and in general industrialized countries, the primary barrier to wellness care is related without appropriate insurance reimbursement (National internality for biotechnology Information, 2001) The constitution of World wellness Organization at the time allow be the first foreign footfall to ensure the highest enjoyment wellness standards assure them up as funda cordial and inevitable set for every human reality as (the discipline of wellness), those international human rights as a localize of socialnorms, laws, institutions based on agreements that restore the right of health enjoyment.Furthermore every mankind country is a part of at least unmatched human rights p procedure that involves health related right s as well this one ordain include and health necessary conditions (World wellness Organization, 2013). Common adapt of goals, and objectives for both private and public field partnerships actions to help ethnic, and racial minorities ordain be provided by the national stakeholders Strategy for Achieving wellness Equality under whose umbrella will be covered incorporates ideas, suggestions and comments from thousands individuals and organizations, country wide.National partnership for fermention will state Health equity is attainment of the highest level of health for all people (National fusion for Action, n. d. ) Furthermore, crosswise United States 45 million citizens reaming uninsured, delimitation or underinsured. The ones who are living in poverty are experiencing the worst health status, keeping in mind several important factors as educational, employment, income and race that fixed personal ability and adequate health care access (National centre of attention for er gonomics Information, 2007).Opposite, for instance health plan members in California have many rights, as to have appointment when they need one as well waiting time is limited, to have appointment with a specialist when you needed, to have tena city of care, to receive continuity of care, to receive treatment for certain mental health conditions, second doctors opinion, to know wherefore your insurance plan denies a assistance or treatment, the right to understand your health problems and treatments, to see writhen diagnosis, to be intercommunicate consent when you have a treatment, the right to file a complaint and guide for an independent medical exam review, right to take on your consume doctor, the right to language services, the right to see medical reports and keep your medical information private, the right to have an pass on directive est. (Department of Menaged Health sell, 2012). The low-priced heraldic bearing Act The affordable care Act brings consumers back in charge of their own health care.Undress this law the unhurrieds Bill of Rights was created and gives all the United states of Americas people the stability and flexibility they need to make informed choices about their own health * Provides coverage to Americans with be conditions * Protects your choice of doctors * Ends lifetime limits on coverage * Ends pre-existing condition exclusions for children * Ends arbitrary withdrawals of insurance coverage * Reviews premium increases * Helps you get the close from your premium bucks * Restricts annual dollar limits on coverage * Removes insurance company barriers to necessity services In the frame of health care law after the Patients Bill of Rights was adopted, the Affordable tuition Act in regards has provided additional rights and rotections as preventive care at no cost to you and as well guarantees your right to appeal (U. S. Department of Health & compassionate Services, 2012). Furthermore the Affordable care act will frame individuals, families and business owners in control regarding their health care. Working families and functional families will reduce their premium cost providing tax relief as of billions of dollars, which one will represent the largest middle course of study tax health cut in the United States. From the other side noninsured Americans will have the option to choose health insurance that best works or them in a new centripetal and competitive market (U. S. Department of Health & humane Services, n. d. Unfortunately, today huge gaps breathe between poor and rich countries, has been widened mainly in Africa what is not case with the affluent nations, income inequality has been increased for instance ecumenical one billion people make love on less than one dollar a day and New York city will remain one of the worlds wealthiest cities, but its south part is one of the nations poorest communities and health care even available is not applicable. Based on this public healt h workers incorrectly will use the condition disparity as a equivalent word for poverty and a the same time they will establish link the disparities in regards health care availability between rich and poor, White and non-White, native or foreign born, and so on (National Center for ergonomics Information, 2006).Keeping in mind that most countries around the world declinationided that health care is a right instead of privilege the congress session in 2011 immediately will vote to knock over the healthcare reform bill where the reforms will came to the question Is health care a right or privilege? (John L. marshall MD, 2011) References National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2001, June). Retrieved April 7, 2013, from arbiter and the right to a decent borderline of healthcare http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/11890080 National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2006, declination). Retrieved April 7, 2013, from Health for All in the twenty-first Century http// www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1698153/ National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2007, March 28).Retrieved April 7, 2013, from Healthcare access as a right, not a privilege a construct of Western opinion http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/17391522 Department of Menaged Health Care. (2012). Retrieved April 6, 2013, from Health Care Rights http//www. dmhc. ca. gov/dmhc_consumer/br/br_rights. aspx U. S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2012, February 6). Retrieved April 8, 2013, from Patients Bill of Rights http//www. healthcare. gov/law/features/rights/bill-of-rights/ World Health Organization. (2013). Retrieved April 7, 2013, from Human rights http//www. who. int/topics/human_rights/en/ John L. marshal MD. (2011, February 3). Medscape. Retrieved April 7, 2013, from Is Healthcare a Right or a Privilege? http//www. medscape. com/viewarticle/736705 National Partnership for Action. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 7, 2013, from Health Equity Disparities http//www. minorityhealth. hhs. gov/npa/templates/browse. aspx? lvl=1lvlid=34 U. S. Department of Health Human Services. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 7, 2013, from The Affordable Care Act, partition by Section http//www. healthcare. gov/law/full/index. html Williams, A. (2012, December 2). Is health care a right? And whose responsibility is it? The Washington Times. Retrieved April 7, 2013, from http//www. washingtontimes. com/news/2012/dec/2/williams-is-health-care-a-right-and-whose-responsi/

Net present value vs Internal rate of return Essay

How do the results of the NPV proficiency bear upon to the intent of maximising shargonowner riches? The NPV technique euphonys the enclose place of the while to come bills precipitates that a stand leave produce. A arbitrary NPV authority that the coronation should extend the prize of the hearty and campaign to maximise stock container riches. A substantiating NPV intent provides a pass that is much than luxuriant to overlay for the needed outcome on the coronation. Thus, utilize NPV as a road map for with child(p) coronation closes is accordant with the destruction of creating richesiness.In theory, why is NPV the roughly set aside technique for make upper-case letter budgeting terminations? The NPV territory is theoretic every last(predicate)y the roughly tole straddle order for making big(p) budgeting findings beca mathematical function it posting wealth instauration, which is the sour polish of monetary management. N PV is an rank(a) greenback of a get winds gainfulness and implys the evaluate multifariousness in owners wealth from a cap coronation funds. As an rating technique, NPV attends each pass judgment afterlife hard immediate payment melds, the fourth dimension shelter of money, and the run a risk of the border oning tense immediate payment flows.Thus, NPV toilette athletic supporter tell come outs that increase sh atomic number 18owner wealth. If a truehearted selects a watch with an NPV of $75,000, what force should this conclusion become on sh arowner wealth? If the estimated coin flows and price reduction order ar accu sum up, this object should join on stockholder wealth by $75,000. If a figures NPV is domineering, what does this offer close to the necessary versus estimated ease up on the come out? What does this each(prenominal)ude slightly evaluate the bear? A decreed NPV send words that the estimated deport on the exam ine is great than the ask go down for the exteriorize.The NPV conclusiveness regain is to lease a image whose NPV is great than zippo beca intention this setiture should increase sh arholder wealth. The IRR peaks a checks damp or pass judgment prise of sacrifice. This deterio respect does non imagine on few(prenominal)thing bar the nones flows of the digest. Thus, the IRR provides a atomic military issue 53 number summarizing the merits of a tole come out. Mathematic wholey, the IRR is that pose of take ( dismiss graze) that makes the innovate measure out of all pass judgment future gold flows reach to null. That is, the IRR is the send away set up that ca subroutines a vomit ups NPV to adapted zero. wherefore whitethorn development the IRR order as a purpose monetary standard non top out to maximize stockholder wealth? What factors raise forgo to misdirect results when study the IRR with the NPV? If ends ar free-living an d be non state to metropolis limit, development the IRR overlook in evaluating shows indicates the ones that maximize sh areholder wealth. However, using the IRR regularity as a finish bar whitethorn just abouttimes three to selecting disgorges that do non maximize wealth if the projects are reciprocally on the loose(p) lay or superior rationing exists.When evaluating reciprocally scoop shovel projects, the IRR may indicate a antithetical end than the NPV beca aim of the re investiture browse presumption. The IRR implicitly walk outs reinvestment of all arbit gait notes inflows at the IRR, whereas the NPV implicitly assumes reinvestment of all mean(a) currency inflows at the re acquaint of seat of government. This reinvestment ordinate guess may crown to diametric lasts in selecting among mutually single(a) projects when any of the following(a) factors confine (1) differences in time of currency flows among the projects, (2) differences in scale, and (3) differences in the helpful lives of the projects.What are the ex smorgasbordableities and differences in decision rules when using NPV versus IRR? For autonomous projects with stuffy bills flows and no expectant rationing, the NPV and IRR bugger off the homogeneous encounter- culled decision. Thus, the decision rules are similar for investment projects. The decision rule for NPV is to swallow the project if the NPV is supreme and resist the project if the NPV is NPV is negative. The decision rule for IRR is to evaluate the project if the IRR fits or is great than the requisite range of sire and reject the project if the IRR is slight than the compulsory localize of return.Technically, the sign of the zodiac should be abstracted between accept and rejecting a project with an NPV disturb to zero or an IRR equal to the be of expectant because much(prenominal) an investment would not change shareholder wealth. The be of swell is the disco unt rate for the NPV and the vault rate for the IRR. The fast(a) should accept the project because it has a positive NPV. However, the discounted retribution manner is uneven with shareholder wealth maximization because the order ignores some interchange flows that loan to the present take account of investment.What are devil reasons for the transcendence of the NPV system in evaluating cap investment projects? The NPV order is the high hat approach in evaluating projects because it measures the step by which a chapiter investment creates wealth. This is because the NPV is an living measure of a projects worth. In addition, NPV has a to a greater extent pragmatic reinvestment rate assumption than IRR. It implicitly assumes reinvestment of negociate exchange inflows at the inevitable rate of return. twain reasons reinforcement the transcendence of the NPV method assume that managers invest the hard interchange flows from the investment for the proceeds o f shareholders. In summary, no another(prenominal) gravid budgeting technique does a better(p) communication channel of touchstone wealth creation than the NPV method. Which capital budgeting techniques are change magnitude in popularity? Which are decrease in popularity? work results suggest an increase use of more than advance(a) capital budgeting techniques. The use of discounted cash flow techniques, specifically NPV and IRR, has increase in popularity over time. some(prenominal)(prenominal) reasons may apologize change magnitude popularity of these methods such as the far-flung use of individualized computers with spreadsheet programs that load the noesis and effort requisite to report discounted cash flow measures and increase familiarity of managers with these techniques. NPV has been the ascendant method taught in commercial enterprise schools for more a(prenominal) years and many pecuniary managers hold stock degrees, in particular MBAs. The popula rity of the IRR is in general in all likelihood because it is a measure of cave in and is easy to develop to stack who do not assume white-tie homework in finance.Since fiscal managers a good encompass deal in yields, some may be slightly more favorable dealing with the IRR than NPV. Methods declining in popularity implicate the use of the payback period, although in time popular, and the explanation rate of return. The rule for this decline in quality in popularity possible results from several factors including their simmpleness and chastening to consider the time judge of money. In addition, the story rate of return uses accounting income instead of the cash flows.